The dog (Canis familiaris, also known as Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated wolf that was first domesticated by humans over 15,000 years ago in Oberkassel, Bonn, by hunter-gatherers. It is also known as the domestic dog and is descended from extinct gray wolves, which are the dog’s closest living relative. Because of this long history of domestication, dogs have become more common than other canids and have developed the ability to survive on a diet high in starch that would be insufficient for other canids.
The domestic dog may have descended from the grey wolf, according to a 1999 study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), with the development of the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds occurring during a period when human communities were more isolated from one another. In the 2005 third edition of Mammal Species of the World, mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758, and dingo, as named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi, the New Guinea singing dog, as an alternate name (junior synonym) for the dingo, and Wozencraft mentioned the mtDNA study as one of the factors guiding his decision.
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There are about 450 recognized dog breeds worldwide. Directed human selection produced a wide variety of phenotypes during the Victorian era. The majority of breeds were formed from a small number of founders within the last 200 years. Since then, dogs have experienced rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today’s modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. Dogs exhibit a greater diversity of phenotypes than any other mammal. Dogs have more differentiable features than any other order of carnivores. These breeds have unique morphological characteristics, such as body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type, and color.
While dwarfism has been selectively employed for some types where short legs are advantageous, such as dachshunds and corgis, most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three. Since domestication, selective breeding has seen the dog’s skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types, such as mastiffs, and miniaturized for smaller types, such as terriers.
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